SECTION 10 - WHEEL AND TYRE SYSTEM
Service Precaution
General Description
Diagnosis
Wheel
Wheel and Associated Parts
Removal
Installation
Tyre
Tyre Replacement
General Balance Procedure
Balancing Wheel and Tyre
Main Data and Specifications
SERVICE PRECAUTION
WARNING: THIS VEHICLE HAS A SUPPLEMENTAL
RESTRAINT SYSTEM (SRS). REFER TO THE SRS
COMPONENT AND WIRING LOCATION VIEW IN
ORDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER YOU ARE
PERFORMING SERVICE ON OR NEAR THE SRS
COMPONENTS OR THE SRS WIRING. WHEN YOU
ARE PERFORMING SERVICE ON OR NEAR THE
SRS COMPONENTS OR THE SRS WIRING, REFER
TO THE SRS SERVICE INFORMATION. FAILURE TO
FOLLOW WARNINGS COULD RESULT IN
POSSIBLE AIR BAG DEPLOYMENT, PERSONAL
INJURY, OR OTHERWISE UNNEEDED SRS SYSTEM
REPAIRS.
CAUTION: Always use the correct fastener in the
proper location. When you replace a fastener, use
ONLY the exact part number for that application.
HOLDE N will call out those f asten ers th at requir e a
replacement after removal. HOLDEN will also call
out the fasteners that require thread lockers or
thread sealant. UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED,
do not use supplemental coatings (Paints , greases,
or other corrosion inhibitors ) on threaded fast eners
or fastener joint interfaces. Generally, such
coatings adversely affect the fastener torque and
the joint clamping force, and may damage the
fastener. When you install fasteners, use the
correct tightening sequence and specifications.
Following these instructions can help you avoid
damage to parts and systems.
Techline
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
480RS008
Replacement wheels or tyres must be equivalent to the
originals in load capacity, specified dimension and
mounting configuration. Improper size or type may
affect bearing life, brake performance, speedometer/
odometer calibration, vehicle ground clearance and
tyre clearance to the body and chassis. All model are
equipped with metric sized tubeless steel belted radial
tyres. Correct tyre pressures and driving habits have
an important influence on tyre life. Heavy cornering,
excessively rapid acceleration and unnecessary sharp
braking increase premature and uneven wear.
DIAGNOSIS
Condition Possible cause Correcti on
Vehicle Pulls Mismatched or uneven tyres. Replace tyre.
Tyres not adequately inflated. Adjust tyre pressure.
Broken or sagging springs. Replace spring.
Radial tyr e late ral for ce . Replac e tyre.
Improper wheel alignment. Adjust wheel alignment.
Brake dragging in one wheel. Repair brake.
Loose, bent or broken front or rear
suspension parts. Tighten or replace the appropriate
suspension part(s).
Faulty shock absorbers. Replace shock absorber.
Parts in power steering valve
defective. Replace power steering unit.
Abnormal or Excessive Tyre Wear Sagging or broken spring. Replace spring.
Tyre out of balance. Balance or rep lace tyre.
Improper wheel alignment. Check front end alignment.
Faulty shock absorber. Replace shock absorber.
Hard driving. Replace tyre.
Overloaded vehicle. Replace tyre and reduce load.
Tyres not rotated periodically. Replace or rotate tyre.
Worn or loose road wheel bearings. Replace wheel bearing.
Wobbly wheel or tyres. Replace wheel or tyre.
Tyres not adequately inflated. Adjust the pressure.
Wheel Hop Blister or bump on tyre. Replace tyre.
Improper shock absorber operation. Replace shock absorber.
Shimmy, Shake or Vibration Tyre or wheel out of balance. Balance wheels or replace tyre/or
wheel.
Loose wheel bearings. Replace wheel bearing.
Worn steering linkage ball joints. Replace ball joints.
Worn upper or lower end ball joints. Replace ball joints.
Excessive wheel runout. Repair or replace wheel and/or tyre.
Blister or bump on tyre. Replace tyre.
Excessive loaded radial runout of
tyre/wheel assembly. Replace tyre or wheel.
Improper wheel alignment. Check wheel alignment.
Loose or worn steering linkage. Tighten or replace steering linkage.
Loose steering unit. Tighten steering unit.
Tyres not adequately inflated. Adjust tyre pressure.
Loose, bent or broken front or rear
suspension parts. Tighten or replace the appropriate
suspension parts.
Faulty shock absorber. Replace shock absorber.
Hub bearing preload misadjustment. Adjust preload.
Parts in power steering valve
defective. Replace power steering unit.
Hard Steering Bind in steering linkage ball studs,
upper or lower ball joint. Replace ball joint.
Improper wheel alignment. Check wheel alignment.
Tyre not adequately inflated. Inflate tyres to proper pressure.
Bind in steering column or shaft. Repair or replace.
Improper power steering system
operation. Repair or replace. Refer to Steering
section.
Too Much Play In Steering Wheel bearings worn. Replace wheel bearings.
Loose steering unit or linkage. Retighten or repair.
Worn or loose steering shaft
universal joint. Retighten or replace steering shaft.
Worn steering linkage ball joints. Replace ball joints.
Worn upper or lower end ball joints. Replace ball joints.
Poor Steering Wheel Returnability Bind in steering linkage ball joints. Replace ball joints.
Bind in upper or lower ball joints. Replace ball joints.
Bind in steering column and shaft. Repair or replace.
Bind in steeri ng gear. Check and repair ste ering gear.
Improper wheel alignment. Adjust wheel alignment.
Tyres not adequately inflated. Adjust pressure.
Loose steering wheel nut. Retighten.
Worn wheel bearing. Replace.
Abnormal Noise Worn, sticky or loose upper or lower
ball joint, steering linkage ball joi nts
or drive axle joints.
Replace.
Faulty shock absorbers. Replace.
Worn upper or lower control arm
bushing. Replace.
Loose stabilizer bar. Retighten bolts or replace bushings.
Loose wheel nuts. Tighten nuts. Check for elongated
wheel nut holes. Replace wheel if
required.
Loose suspension bolts or nuts. Retighten suspension bolts or nuts.
Broken or otherwise damaged
wheel bearings. Replace wheel bearing.
Broken suspension springs. Replace spring.
Loose steering unit. Retighten mounting bolt.
Faulty steering unit. Replace steering unit.
Wandering or Poor Steering Stability Mismatched or unevenly worn tyres. Replace tyre or inflate tyres to
proper pressure .
Loose steering linkage ball joints. Replace ball joints.
Faulty shock absorbers. Replace shock absorber.
Loose stabilizer bar. Tighten or replace stabilizer bar or
bushings.
Broken or sagging springs. Replace spring (pairs).
Improper wheel alignment. Adjust wheel alignment.
Condition Possible cause Correcti on
Erratic Steering When Braking Worn wheel bearings. Replace wheel bearings.
Broken or sagging springs. Replace spring (pairs).
Leaking caliper. Repair or replace caliper.
Warped discs. Replace brake disc.
Badly worn brake pads. Replace brake pads.
Tyres are inflated unequally. Inflate tyres to proper pressure.
Low or Uneven Trim Height Broken or sagging springs. Replace springs (In pairs).
Vehicle overloaded. Reduce load.
Incorrect springs. Adjust or replace torsion bar.
Suspension Bottoms Vehicle overloaded. Reduce load.
Faulty shock absorber. Replace shock absorber.
Incorr e ct, brok en or saggi ng
springs. Replace springs.
Body Leans Loose stabilizer bar. Tighten stabilizer bar bolts or
replace bus hi ngs.
Faulty shock absorber, struts or
mounting. Replace shock absorber.
Broken or sagging springs. Replace springs (In pairs).
Vehicle overloaded. Reduce load.
Cupped Tyres Worn wheel bearings. Replace wheel bearing.
Excessive tyre or wheel run out. Replace tyre or wheel.
Worn ball joints. Replace ball joints.
Tyre out of balance. Adjust tyre balance.
Condition Possible cause Correcti on
Irregular and Premature Wear
480RS001
Irregular and/or premature wear has many causes.
Some of them are incorrect inflation pressures, lack of
tyre rotation, poor driving habits or improper wheel
alignment. Incorrect inflation is common cause of tyre
premature wear.
NOTE: Due to their design, radial tyres tend to wear
faster in the shoulder area, particularly on the front
tyres. This makes regular rotation especially
necessary. After rotation, be sure to check wheel nut
torque, and set tyre pressures.
Tyre Rotation
Tyre rotation is recommended to equalize wear for
longer tyre life.
480RS002
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If the following conditions are noted, rotate the tyres:
• Front tyre wear is different from rear.
• Uneven wear exists across the tread of any tyre.
• Left and right front tyre wear is unequal.
• Left and right rear tyre wear is unequal.
Check wheel alignment if the following conditions are
noted:
• Left and right front tyre wear is unequal.
• Wear is uneven across the tread of any front tyre.
• Front tyre tre ads have a scuffed appearanc e with
“feather" edges on one side of the tread ribs or
blocks.
Tread Wear Indicators
480RS006
The original equipment tyres have built-in tread wear
indicators(1) to show when tyres need replacement.
These indicators may appear as wide bands. When
the indicators appear in two or more grooves at three
locations, tyre replacement is recommended.
(1) Spare Tyre
Inflation of Tyres
710RX004
T yre pressure, in cold condition (after vehicle has set for
three hours or more, and driven less than one mile),
should be checked monthly or before any extended trip.
Tyre pressure increases approximately 15% when the
tyres become hot during driving. Tyre pressure
specification is shown on the label located on the left
door lock pillar.
NOTE: Check the tyre pres su re whenev er irreg ula r
wear is found. Tyre inflation greatly affects tyre wear. If
the alignment check does not reveal any alignment
problems, check the condition of the shock absorbers
and wheel/tyre balance.
Diagnosis List
If the following conditions are noted, rotation is required.
1. Front tyre wear is different from rear.
2. Uneven wear exists across the tread of any tyre.
3. Left and right front tyre wear is unequal.
4. Left and right rear tyre wear is unequal.
If the following conditions are noted, check the wheel
alignment.
1. Left and right front tyre wear is unequal.
2. Uneven wear exists across the tread of any tyre.
3. Front tyre treads have scuffed appearance with
“feather" edges on one side of tread ribs or blocks.
4. There is cupping, flat spotting etc.
Higher than recommended pressure can cause:
1. Hard ride.
2. Poor steering stability.
3. Rapid and uneven wear at center of the tread.
Lower than recommended pressure can cause:
1. Tyre squeal on turns.
2. Hard steering.
3. Rapid and uneven wear on the edges of the tread.
4. Tyre rim bruises and rupture.
5. Tyre cord breakage.
6. High tyre temp eratu re s.
7. Reduced handling.
8. Reduced fuel economy.
Unequal pressure on same axle can cause:
1. Uneven braking.
2. Steering lead.
3. Reduced handling.
4. Swerve on acceleration.
Radial Tyre Waddle
480RW011
Waddle is side-to-side movement at the front and/or
rear of the car. It can be caused by the steel belt not
being straight within the tyre, or by excessive lateral
runout of the tyre or wheel. It is most noticeable at low
speed, about 8 to 48 km/h It may also cause rough ride
at 80 to 113 km/h .
The car can be road tested to see which end of the car
has the faulty tyre. If the tyre causing the waddle is on
the rear, the rear end of the car will “waddle". From the
driver's seat, it feels as if someone is pushing on the
side of the car.
If the faulty tyre is on the front, the waddle is more easily
seen. The front sh eet metal appears to be moving back
and forth. It feels as if the driver's seat is the pivot point
in the car.
Another more time-consuming method of determining
the faulty tyre is substituting tyre and wheel assemblies
that are known to be good. Follow these steps:
1. Drive the car to determine if the waddle is coming
from the front or rear.
2. Install tyre and wheel assemblies known to be good
(from a similar car) in place of those on the end of
the car which is waddling. If the waddle cannot be
isolated to front or rear, start with the rear tyres.
3. Road test again. If improvement is noted, install the
original tyre and wheel assemblies one at a time
until the faulty tyre is found. If no improvement is
noted, install tyres known to be good in place of all
four. Then, install the originals one at a time until the
faulty tyre is found.
Radial Tyre Lead/Pull
“Lead/Pull" is vehicle deviation from a straight path, on a
level road with no pressure on the steering wheel.
Lead is usually caused by:
1. Poorly manufactured radial tyres.
2. Uneven brake adjustment.
3. Wheel alignment.
The way in which a tyre is built can produce lead in a
car. An example of this is placement of the belt.
Off-center belts on radial tyres can cause the tyre to
develop a side force while rolling straight down the road
and the tyre will tend to roll like a cone.
The “Radial Tyre Lead/Pull Correction" chart should be
used to make sure that front wheel alignment is not
mistaken for tyre lead.
Rear tyres will not cause lead/pull.
Radial Tyre Lead/Pull Correction Chart
Typical examples of abnormal tyre ahead wear and
major causes:
CAUTION: Similar wear patterns can be caused by
worn suspe nsion p art s, misali gnment o f whee ls and
tyres, and other suspension related problems.
Spotty wear – wear localized on shoulder sections, and
in an extreme cases, the tyre becomes polygonal in
shape.
480RW002
Step Action Yes No
1 1. Inflate tyres to recommended pressure.
2. Road test vehicle on level uncrowned road.
Was a problem corrected? End. Go to Step 2
2 Switch front tyres side to side and road test again.
Was a problem corrected? If roughness
results,replace
tyres. Go to Step 3
3 Did the vehicle lead in same direction? Go to Step 4 Go to Step 5
4 Put tyres back in original position and check alignment.
Was a problem corrected? End. Go to Step 5
5 Install known good tyre on one front side.
Was a problem corrected?
Replace tyre.
Install a known
good tyre in
place of ot her
front tyre.
If lead
corrected,
replace tyre.
1. Ty re or wheel out of round or distorted.
2. Hub or knuckle out of round or distorted.
3. Play in hub bea rings or ball joint.
4. Rotating parts out of balance .
Tread wear one-sided.
480RW003
1. Rotating parts out of balance .
2. Tyre or wheel out of round.
3. Hub or knuckle out of round or distorted.
Localized tr ead wear.
480RW004
1. Once spotty wear develops in tread due to hard
braking or abrupt starting, localized wear tends to
be promoted.
Shoulder wear (generally wear develops in outer
shoulder):
480RW005
1. Camber or toe-in incorrect.
2. Shoulder wear caused by repeated hard-cornering.
Wear in shoulders at points opposed to each other.
480RW006
1. Ty re or wheel out of round or distorted.
2. Play in bearings or ball joint.
Premature wear in shoulders.
480RW007
1. Flex in g of tyre ex ce ssiv e due to under - in fla tio n.
One sided feather edging.
480RW008
1. Wear caused by repeated hard cornering.
2. Camber or toe-in incorrect.
WHEEL
WHEEL AND ASSOCIATED PARTS
480RX008
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REMOVAL
1. Loosen wheel lug nut by approximately 180° (half a
rotation), then raise the vehicle and remove the
nuts.
2. Remove wheel and tyre.
NOTE: Never use heat to loosen a tight wheel lug nut.
The application of heat to the hub can shorten the life of
the wheel and may cause damage to wheel bearings.
INSTALLATION
1. Install wheel and tyre.
2. Install wheel lug nut, and lower the vehicle. Tighten
the wheel lug nuts to the specified torque in
numerical order.
Torque: 118N·m
CAUTION: Before installing wheels, remove any
build-up of corrosion on the wheel mount ing
surface and brake disc mounting surface by
scraping and wire brushing. Installing wheels
without good metal-to-metal contact at mounting
surfaces can cause wheel nuts to loosen, which
can later allow a wheel to come off while the vehicle
is moving.
NOTE: Valve caps should be on the valve stems to
keep dust and water out.
480RS020
(1) Wheel Lug Nut (2) Wheel and Tyre
TYRE
TYRE REPLACEMENT
When replacement is necessary, the original metric the
size should be used. Most metric tyre sizes do not
have exact corresponding alphanumeric tyre sizes. It is
recommended that new tyres be installed in pairs on the
same axle. If necessary to replace only one tyre, it
should be paired with tyre having the most tread, to
equalize braking traction.
CAUTION: Do not mix different types of tyres such
as radial, bias and bias-belted tyres except in
emergencies, because vehicle handling may be
seriously affected and may result in loss of control.
Tyre Dismounting
Remove valve cap on valve step and deflate the tyre.
Then use a tyre changing machine to mount or
dismount tyres.
Follow the equipment manufacturer's instruction. Do
not use hand tools or tyre lever alone to change tyres as
they may damage the tyre beads or wheel rim.
Tyre Mounting
Rim bead seats should be cleaned with a wire brush or
coarse steel wool to remove lubricants, and light rust.
Before mounting a tyre, the bead area should be well
lubricated with an approved tyre lubricant.
After mounting, inflate the tyre to 200kPa so that beads
are completely seated. Inflate the air to specified
pressure and install valve cap to the stem.
WARNING: NEVER STAND OVER TYRE WHEN
INFLATING. BEAD MAY BREAK WHEN BEAD
SNAPS OVER RIM'S SAFETY HUMP AND CAUSE
SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY.
NEVER EXCEED 240 KPA PRESSURE WHEN
INFLATING. IF 240 KPA ) PRESSURE WILL NOT
SEAT BEADS, DEFLATE, RE-LUBRICATE AND
RE-INFLATE. OVER INFLATION MAY CAUSE THE
BEAD TO BREAK AND CAUSE SERIOUS
PERSONAL INJURY.
Tyre Repair
There are many different materials on the market used
to repair tyres.
Manufacturers have published detailed instructions on
how and when to repair tyres. These instructions can
be obtained from the tyre manufacturer if they are not
included with the repair kit.
Wheel Inspection
Damaged wheels and wheels with excessive run-out
must be replaced.
Wheel run out at rim (Base on hub Bore):
480RS012
GENERAL BALANCE PROCEDURE
Deposits of mud, etc. must be cleaned from the inside of
the rim.
The tyre should be inspected for the following: match
mount paint marks, bent rims, bulges, irregular tyre
wear, proper wheel size and inflation pressure. Then
balance according to the equipment manufacturer's
recommendations.
There are two types of wheel and tyre balance.
Static balance is the equal distribution of weight around
the wheel.
Assemblies that are statically unbalanced cause a
bouncing action called tramp. This condition will
eventually cause uneven tyre wear.
Steel Aluminum
1– Vertic al play
(AVERAGE OF EACH
SIDE):
Less than
1.5mm
1– Vertical play
(AVERAGE OF EACH
SIDE):
Less than
0.40mm
1-Vertical pla y
(INDIVIDUAL);
Less than 0.55mm
2– Horizontal play
(INDIVIDUAL):
Less than
1.5mm
2– Horizontal play
(INDIVIDUAL):
Less than
0.55mm
480RS013
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Dynamic balance is the equal distribution of weight on
each side of the wheel center-line so that when the tyre
spins there is no tendency for the assembly to move
from side to side. Assemblies that are dynamically
unbalanced may cause shimmy.
480RS014
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WARNING: STONES SHOULD BE REMOVED FROM
THE TREAD TO AVOID OPERATOR INJURY DURING
SPIN BALANCING AND TO OBTAIN A GOOD
BALANCE.
BALANCING WHEEL AND TYRE
On-vehicle Bala ncing
On-V ehicle balancing methods vary with equipment and
tool manufacturers. Be sure to follow each
manufacturer's instructions during balancing operation.
Of f-vehicle Balanc ing
Most electronic off-vehicle balancers are more accurate
than the on-vehicle spin balancers. They are easy to
use and give a dynamic balance. Although they do not
correct for drum or disc unbalance (as on- vehicle spin
balancing does), they are very accurate.
480RS015
(1) Heavy Spot Wheel Shimmy
(2) Add Bal an ce Weights Here
(1) Heavy Spot Wheel Hop
(2) Add Bal an ce Weights Here
MAIN DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS
General Specifications
Torque Specifications
E03RX008
Wheels Size 15 x 6.5JJ
Offset 38.0mm
Wheel Stud Pitch Circle Diameter 139.7mm
Standard tyre Size P235/75R15
Pressure(Front) 200kPa
Pressure(Rear) 200kPa